The screenplay adaptation of Stephen Chbosky’s coming-of-age novel represents a tangible artifact of the method of translating a literary work to the cinematic medium. This doc embodies the artistic decisions made in adapting the narrative construction, dialogue, and character growth for a visible and auditory format. It serves as a blueprint for the movie’s manufacturing, guiding the actors, director, and crew in realizing the story on display.
Screenplays primarily based on novels supply worthwhile insights into the artwork of adaptation, revealing how written prose is reworked right into a cinematic expertise. They are often studied to know the challenges and alternatives inherent on this course of, corresponding to condensing advanced narratives, translating inside monologues into visible motion, and sustaining the thematic integrity of the supply materials whereas interesting to a broader viewers. This specific adaptation garnered vital consideration for its delicate dealing with of themes regarding adolescence, psychological well being, and social acceptance, solidifying its cultural impression.
Additional exploration of this subject might contain analyzing particular scenes and dialogue inside the adaptation, evaluating the script to the unique novel, and inspecting the movie’s reception by the lens of its screenplay. Investigating the alternatives made by the screenwriter (who additionally directed the movie) presents a deeper understanding of the artistic imaginative and prescient behind the difference and its final success.
1. Adaptation Selections
Adaptation decisions are essential in translating any literary work to movie, and the screenplay for The Perks of Being a Wallflower exemplifies this. These decisions decide how the unique story’s essence is captured and conveyed by a unique medium, shaping viewers reception and the movie’s total impression. Analyzing these decisions reveals the artistic course of behind adapting a beloved novel to the display.
-
Condensing Narrative:
Novels usually comprise intricate subplots and expansive timelines. Adapting to movie requires condensing narrative whereas retaining essential plot factors and thematic resonance. In The Perks of Being a Wallflower, the episodic nature of the novel was streamlined, specializing in key occasions and relationships that drive the central narrative of Charlie’s coming-of-age expertise. This concerned omitting sure characters and storylines whereas amplifying others.
-
Interiority to Exteriority:
A major problem in adapting a first-person novel like this one is translating inside monologues and ideas into a visible medium. The screenplay makes use of strategies like voiceover narration and expressive close-ups to convey Charlie’s interior world, making his introspective ideas accessible to the viewers with out relying solely on inside dialogue current within the ebook.
-
Balancing Tone and Theme:
The novel tackles delicate themes of psychological well being, trauma, and social isolation. The variation fastidiously balances these darker components with the lighter facets of adolescence and friendship. The screenplay maintains the emotional depth of the supply materials whereas making certain the movie stays partaking and accessible to a wider viewers, probably mitigating the depth of sure scenes for cinematic pacing.
-
Character Growth by Motion:
Whereas the novel depends closely on Charlie’s narration to disclose character, the movie depends on visible storytelling and character interactions. The screenplay enhances character growth by exhibiting somewhat than telling. For instance, Sam’s persona is conveyed by her actions and dialogue on display, somewhat than by Charlies descriptions of her, permitting audiences to kind their very own interpretations.
These decisions collectively contribute to the movie’s interpretation of the supply materials. By analyzing these adaptation decisions, one features a deeper understanding of the artistic course of behind bringing a beloved novel to the display and the way these choices form the ultimate cinematic expertise.
2. Narrative Construction
Narrative construction considerably impacts the difference of any novel, significantly within the case of The Perks of Being a Wallflower. The novel’s epistolary format, offered as letters from Charlie to an nameless recipient, poses distinctive challenges for cinematic adaptation. The screenplay efficiently interprets this introspective narrative type right into a compelling visible and auditory expertise by cautious structuring of occasions, flashbacks, and character interactions.
-
Episodic Construction:
The novel unfolds by distinct episodes in Charlie’s life. The screenplay mirrors this construction, presenting key occasions as self-contained vignettes whereas sustaining a cohesive overarching narrative. This episodic construction permits the movie to discover Charlie’s growth steadily, mirroring the unique work’s coming-of-age journey. This permits for a pure development by Charlie’s freshman yr of highschool.
-
Flashback Integration:
Charlie’s repressed trauma performs an important function within the narrative. The screenplay skillfully integrates flashbacks to disclose these traumatic experiences steadily, mirroring the unfolding of those recollections in Charlie’s thoughts. These flashbacks usually are not offered chronologically however are triggered by present-day occasions, contributing to the emotional impression and understanding of Charlie’s present-day struggles. This fragmented timeline provides layers of complexity to his character.
-
Voiceover Narration:
The movie makes use of voiceover narration, tailored from Charlie’s letters within the novel, to supply perception into his ideas and emotions. This method bridges the hole between the novel’s first-person perspective and the movie’s visible storytelling, permitting the viewers to attach with Charlie’s interiority. This narrative machine maintains a way of intimacy harking back to the novel’s epistolary format.
-
Culminating Climax and Decision:
The screenplay builds in direction of an emotional climax that brings Charlie’s repressed trauma to the forefront. The decision, whereas offering a way of closure, additionally acknowledges the continued nature of Charlie’s journey towards therapeutic and self-acceptance. The construction successfully balances the decision of speedy conflicts with the acknowledgement of long-term private progress, emphasizing the complexities of psychological well being and restoration.
The screenplay’s narrative construction efficiently interprets the essence of the novel’s epistolary format right into a compelling cinematic expertise. Via cautious structuring, the movie maintains the emotional depth and thematic resonance of the supply materials whereas successfully using cinematic strategies to convey Charlie’s inside struggles and progress.
3. Dialogue Adaptation
Dialogue adaptation performs an important function in translating the essence of a novel to the display. Within the case of The Perks of Being a Wallflower, the dialogue contributes considerably to character growth, thematic exploration, and the general emotional impression of the movie. Adapting the novel’s distinctive narrative voice and the nuanced interactions between characters required cautious consideration to protect the authenticity and emotional depth of the supply materials.
-
Capturing Genuine Teenage Voice:
The novel is widely known for its practical portrayal of teenage dialogue. The screenplay efficiently captures this authenticity, reflecting the slang, rhythms, and insecurities of adolescent dialog. Phrases like “We settle for the love we expect we deserve” turn into iconic traces that resonate with audiences and encapsulate the movie’s thematic considerations. This practical dialogue grounds the movie within the emotional actuality of adolescence.
-
Balancing Inside and Exterior Dialogue:
The novel depends closely on Charlie’s inside monologue. The screenplay interprets this inside dialogue into exterior dialogue and interactions with different characters, permitting the viewers to witness Charlie’s ideas and emotions manifest in his relationships. This shift permits for a extra dynamic portrayal of Charlie’s inside struggles and his gradual opening as much as others.
-
Enhancing Character Growth Via Dialogue:
The dialogue within the screenplay serves to additional develop and nuance the characters past their portrayal within the novel. Sam’s witty and insightful remarks, Patrick’s flamboyant pronouncements, and Charlie’s hesitant but earnest expressions contribute to their particular person personalities and the dynamics between them. The dialogue brings these characters to life on display, including depth and complexity to their relationships.
-
Conveying Subtext and Emotional Nuances:
The screenplay makes use of dialogue to convey subtext and emotional nuances that is perhaps extra explicitly said within the novel’s narration. The silences, interruptions, and refined shifts in tone between characters create a layered and emotionally resonant expertise for the viewers. This oblique communication permits for a deeper exploration of the characters’ inside struggles and the complexities of their relationships.
The dialogue adaptation in The Perks of Being a Wallflower efficiently captures the spirit of the novel whereas successfully using the cinematic medium. By balancing genuine teenage voice with nuanced subtext and character growth, the screenplay contributes considerably to the movie’s emotional impression and enduring resonance with audiences. The dialogue serves not solely to inform the story but additionally to light up the characters’ interior lives and the advanced themes of adolescence, psychological well being, and belonging.
4. Character Growth
Character growth is central to the success of The Perks of Being a Wallflower film script. The screenplay interprets the novel’s characterizations into a visible medium, requiring cautious consideration of easy methods to painting inside struggles and progress by motion and dialogue. The effectiveness of this adaptation hinges on the viewers’s means to attach with and perceive the characters’ journeys.
-
Charlie’s Introspection and Progress:
Charlie’s character arc, from withdrawn observer to lively participant in his personal life, is fastidiously depicted by his interactions and reactions to occasions. The screenplay makes use of visible cues, corresponding to his hesitant physique language and expressive eyes, to convey his inside struggles. His progress is proven by his growing willingness to have interaction with others and specific himself, culminating in his eventual confrontation of his previous trauma. This visible illustration permits the viewers to witness his inside transformation.
-
Sam’s Company and Vulnerability:
The script empowers Sam with company, showcasing her aspirations and complexities past her relationship with Charlie. Whereas the novel focuses on Charlie’s perspective of Sam, the movie offers glimpses into her personal vulnerabilities and ambitions, permitting her to emerge as a totally realized particular person. This nuanced portrayal provides depth to her character and avoids decreasing her to a solely supportive function in Charlie’s story.
-
Patrick’s Flamboyance and Hidden Ache:
Patrick’s flamboyant exterior masks a deep-seated ache, which the screenplay steadily reveals by refined moments of vulnerability and his interactions with Charlie. The script avoids stereotypical portrayals, showcasing the multifaceted nature of his persona and his struggles with societal acceptance. This nuanced strategy permits the viewers to empathize along with his struggles past his comedic persona.
-
Secondary Characters and Their Affect:
Even secondary characters, like Charlie’s sister and Invoice, his English trainer, are given moments of depth and complexity. Their interactions with Charlie contribute to his progress and understanding of the world round him. The screenplay makes use of these supporting characters to light up completely different aspects of Charlie’s expertise and to characterize the varied influences that form his growth.
The screenplay’s success lies in its means to translate the advanced characterizations of the novel right into a compelling visible narrative. By balancing exterior actions with inside struggles, the movie permits the viewers to attach with the characters on an emotional stage, understanding their motivations, vulnerabilities, and supreme progress. This nuanced strategy to character growth is essential to the movie’s emotional resonance and lasting impression.
5. Thematic Integrity
Thematic integrity is essential to a profitable adaptation. The screenplay for The Perks of Being a Wallflower demonstrates a robust dedication to preserving the thematic core of its supply materials. The novel explores advanced themes of adolescence, psychological well being, trauma, social acceptance, and the seek for belonging. The variation efficiently navigates these themes, making certain they resonate with audiences whereas sustaining the nuanced and delicate strategy of the novel. This preservation of thematic integrity contributes considerably to the movie’s crucial acclaim and enduring reputation.
One key instance lies within the movie’s dealing with of Charlie’s psychological well being struggles. The screenplay avoids sensationalizing or simplifying his experiences, as an alternative portraying his anxiousness, melancholy, and PTSD with sensitivity and nuance. The variation fastidiously balances the portrayal of his inside struggles along with his exterior interactions, mirroring the novel’s exploration of psychological well being’s impression on interpersonal relationships. This cautious steadiness permits the movie to handle these delicate points in a approach that’s each impactful and respectful, resonating with viewers who’ve skilled comparable challenges.
One other facet of thematic integrity pertains to the portrayal of social acceptance and the seek for belonging. The movie captures the complexities of navigating social circles throughout adolescence, highlighting the challenges of becoming in whereas sustaining individuality. The “tunnel scene,” the place Charlie stands behind a pickup truck, turns into a visible metaphor for this theme, representing his journey from outsider to participant in his personal life. This scene, and others prefer it, demonstrates how the movie interprets summary themes into concrete cinematic moments, enhancing the emotional resonance and thematic impression.
Sustaining thematic integrity whereas adapting a novel to movie requires cautious consideration of narrative construction, dialogue, and character growth. The Perks of Being a Wallflower screenplay demonstrates a profitable strategy to this problem. By preserving the core themes of the novel and translating them successfully into a visible medium, the movie achieves a stage of depth and emotional resonance that resonates with audiences and contributes to its enduring legacy. This profitable adaptation highlights the significance of thematic integrity in bringing beloved literary works to the display.
6. Visible Storytelling
Visible storytelling performs an important function within the adaptation of The Perks of Being a Wallflower from novel to movie. The screenplay leverages cinematic strategies to convey advanced feelings, inside struggles, and thematic nuances which can be offered by written prose within the supply materials. This visible language interprets the novel’s introspective narrative right into a tangible and impactful cinematic expertise.
One notable instance lies within the movie’s use of close-ups. Frequent close-ups on Charlie’s face seize his refined emotional shifts and anxieties, permitting the viewers to attach along with his inside world with out relying solely on voiceover narration or dialogue. The “tunnel scene,” the place Charlie stands behind a pickup truck along with his arms outstretched, turns into a robust visible metaphor for his journey of self-discovery and the exhilarating feeling of belonging. This iconic scene transcends the constraints of language, conveying a fancy emotional expertise by a purely visible second. Using lighting, framing, and colour palettes additional enhances the movie’s emotional depth. Heat, saturated tones throughout moments of pleasure and connection distinction with cooler, muted tones during times of isolation and introspection, visually reinforcing the emotional arc of the narrative. These visible decisions add layers of that means not explicitly said within the dialogue, permitting the viewers to have interaction with the story on a deeper emotional stage.
The screenplay’s efficient use of visible storytelling elevates the difference past a easy retelling of the novel. It transforms the narrative right into a cinematic expertise that resonates with audiences by its visible poetry and emotional depth. By translating the novel’s inside monologues and sophisticated themes into a visible language, the movie creates a robust and lasting impression. This visible strategy just isn’t merely an aesthetic alternative; it’s integral to conveying the emotional core of the story and enriching the viewers’s understanding of the characters’ journeys.
7. Cultural Affect
The screenplay for The Perks of Being a Wallflower, and the following movie, achieved vital cultural impression, resonating with audiences and producing discussions round necessary themes usually ignored in mainstream media. This impression stems from the script’s delicate dealing with of advanced points, its relatable characters, and its genuine portrayal of adolescent experiences. Analyzing this cultural impression offers worthwhile insights into the movie’s enduring legacy and its contribution to broader conversations about psychological well being, social acceptance, and the challenges of rising up.
-
Illustration of Psychological Well being:
The screenplay’s trustworthy portrayal of psychological well being struggles, together with anxiousness, melancholy, and PTSD, contributed to destigmatizing these points. Charlie’s experiences resonated with viewers who had confronted comparable challenges, fostering a way of validation and inspiring open conversations about psychological well being. The movie’s avoidance of simplistic options or completely happy endings provided a practical depiction of the continued nature of psychological well being journeys.
-
Affect on Adolescent Audiences:
The movie turned a touchstone for teenage audiences, significantly these feeling like outsiders or grappling with advanced feelings. The relatable characters and genuine dialogue resonated deeply, creating a way of group and shared expertise. The movie’s exploration of themes like social isolation, peer strain, and the seek for belonging provided consolation and validation to a technology navigating the challenges of adolescence.
-
Selling Dialogue and Understanding:
The movie sparked conversations about troublesome subjects like trauma, sexual abuse, and suicide. By presenting these points with sensitivity and nuance, the screenplay inspired dialogue and understanding amongst viewers. The movie’s exploration of those delicate themes contributed to a broader cultural dialog about psychological well being consciousness and the significance of in search of assist.
-
Lasting Legacy and Continued Relevance:
The movie’s cultural impression extends past its preliminary launch, persevering with to resonate with new audiences and provoking ongoing discussions about psychological well being and social acceptance. The screenplay’s timeless themes and relatable characters guarantee its continued relevance, solidifying its place as a major cultural touchstone for generations to return.
The cultural impression of The Perks of Being a Wallflower stems from the screenplay’s means to attach with audiences on an emotional stage. By addressing advanced and infrequently stigmatized points with sensitivity and authenticity, the movie fostered understanding, inspired dialogue, and provided a way of belonging to those that felt marginalized. Its enduring legacy is a testomony to the ability of storytelling to impact optimistic change and contribute to a extra inclusive and empathetic cultural panorama.
8. Directorial Imaginative and prescient
Directorial imaginative and prescient performs an important function in shaping the difference of a screenplay, significantly within the case of The Perks of Being a Wallflower, the place Stephen Chbosky served as each writer of the supply novel and director of the movie. This twin function offered a singular alternative to keep up a cohesive inventive imaginative and prescient all through the difference course of, making certain the movie’s thematic integrity and emotional resonance remained trustworthy to the unique work. Inspecting Chbosky’s directorial imaginative and prescient reveals how the screenplay was translated right into a compelling cinematic expertise.
-
From Web page to Display:
Chbosky’s intimate understanding of the supply materials allowed for a seamless transition from novel to screenplay to movie. His directorial decisions, knowledgeable by his personal artistic intentions because the writer, ensured the movie captured the essence of the novel’s themes and characters. This intimate information allowed him to make knowledgeable choices about which facets of the novel to emphasise and which to condense for the cinematic format.
-
Casting and Efficiency:
The casting of Logan Lerman, Emma Watson, and Ezra Miller as Charlie, Sam, and Patrick, respectively, proved essential to the movie’s success. Chbosky’s route guided the actors in delivering nuanced and genuine performances that captured the complexities of their characters. The casting decisions and the actors’ performances contributed considerably to the movie’s emotional depth and believability.
-
Visible and Auditory Aesthetics:
Chbosky’s directorial imaginative and prescient prolonged to the visible and auditory aesthetics of the movie. Using heat lighting, nostalgic music, and intimate close-ups created a selected ambiance that captured the emotional panorama of adolescence. These stylistic decisions enhanced the movie’s thematic resonance and contributed to its total impression, creating a way of nostalgia and emotional intimacy that resonated with audiences.
-
Sustaining Thematic Integrity:
Chbosky’s twin function as writer and director ensured the movie maintained the thematic integrity of the novel. His directorial decisions emphasised the significance of psychological well being consciousness, social acceptance, and the seek for belonging, echoing the core themes of the unique work. This dedication to thematic integrity contributed to the movie’s crucial acclaim and its enduring resonance with audiences.
Chbosky’s directorial imaginative and prescient, deeply rooted in his understanding of the supply materials, formed the movie’s narrative construction, character growth, and visible aesthetics. By sustaining a cohesive inventive imaginative and prescient all through the difference course of, Chbosky efficiently translated the essence of The Perks of Being a Wallflower into a robust and impactful cinematic expertise. The movie’s success serves as a testomony to the significance of a robust directorial imaginative and prescient in adapting literary works to the display and highlights the distinctive alternatives afforded by an writer directing their very own work.
Incessantly Requested Questions
This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to the screenplay of The Perks of Being a Wallflower, providing additional perception into its creation and impression.
Query 1: How intently does the screenplay comply with the novel’s plot?
Whereas the screenplay stays largely trustworthy to the novel’s principal plot factors and character arcs, sure variations have been needed for the cinematic medium. Some subplots and minor characters have been omitted for brevity and pacing, whereas others have been amplified to reinforce the visible storytelling. The core emotional journey of Charlie and his relationships with Sam and Patrick stay central to each the novel and the movie.
Query 2: What particular adjustments have been made in adapting the epistolary format of the novel?
The novel’s epistolary format, advised by Charlie’s letters to an nameless recipient, was tailored utilizing voiceover narration within the movie. This method permits the viewers entry to Charlie’s interior ideas and emotions whereas sustaining the intimate tone of the unique narrative. The screenplay additionally makes use of visible cues and character interactions to convey what was initially inside monologue.
Query 3: How does the screenplay deal with the delicate themes of the novel, corresponding to psychological well being and trauma?
The screenplay handles these delicate themes with care and nuance, avoiding sensationalism or simplistic options. The movie portrays Charlie’s struggles with anxiousness, melancholy, and PTSD realistically, emphasizing the significance of in search of assist and the continued nature of restoration. The variation strives to keep up the emotional depth of the novel whereas making certain accessibility for a wider viewers.
Query 4: What’s the significance of Stephen Chbosky’s twin function as each writer and director?
Chbosky’s twin function allowed for a cohesive inventive imaginative and prescient all through the difference course of. His intimate understanding of the supply materials knowledgeable his directorial decisions, making certain the movie remained trustworthy to the novel’s thematic core and emotional resonance. This distinctive perspective allowed for a seamless transition from web page to display, preserving the integrity of the unique work.
Query 5: How did the casting decisions contribute to the movie’s success?
The casting of Logan Lerman, Emma Watson, and Ezra Miller was essential to the movie’s success. Their performances captured the nuances and complexities of their respective characters, bringing authenticity and emotional depth to the story. The chemistry between the actors additional enhanced the portrayal of the central relationships, contributing to the movie’s total impression.
Query 6: What’s the lasting legacy of the movie and its screenplay?
The movie’s lasting legacy lies in its trustworthy and delicate portrayal of adolescence, psychological well being struggles, and the seek for belonging. The screenplay’s relatable characters and impactful storytelling resonated with audiences, fostering necessary conversations about psychological well being consciousness and the significance of social acceptance. The movie continues to encourage and join with viewers, solidifying its place as a major cultural touchstone.
Understanding these key facets of the screenplay offers a deeper appreciation for the movie’s inventive benefit and cultural impression.
Additional exploration may contain comparative evaluation between the screenplay and the novel, specializing in particular scenes and character interactions.
Ideas for Aspiring Screenwriters from The Perks of Being a Wallflower Film Script
Analyzing the screenplay of The Perks of Being a Wallflower presents worthwhile insights for aspiring screenwriters. The next ideas, derived from the script’s strengths, present sensible steering for adapting literary works and crafting compelling narratives.
Tip 1: Protect Thematic Integrity: Deal with sustaining the core themes of the supply materials all through the difference course of. Thematic resonance is essential to a profitable adaptation, making certain the movie captures the essence of the unique work whereas translating it to a brand new medium. The Perks of Being a Wallflower successfully interprets the novel’s exploration of psychological well being, social acceptance, and belonging into cinematic language.
Tip 2: Grasp the Artwork of Adaptation: Adapting a novel requires cautious consideration of narrative construction, character growth, and dialogue. Condense advanced narratives successfully whereas retaining essential plot factors and thematic resonance. The Perks of Being a Wallflower demonstrates a profitable adaptation of the novel’s epistolary format, utilizing voiceover narration and visible storytelling to convey Charlie’s interior ideas.
Tip 3: Develop Genuine Dialogue: Dialogue ought to really feel pure and genuine, capturing the nuances of character interactions. The Perks of Being a Wallflower excels in portraying practical teenage dialogue, contributing to the movie’s relatability and emotional impression. Examine how the script balances inside and exterior dialogue to create dynamic character portrayals.
Tip 4: Present, Do not Inform: Make the most of visible storytelling to convey feelings, inside struggles, and character growth. The Perks of Being a Wallflower masterfully makes use of visible cues, corresponding to close-ups and symbolic imagery, to convey advanced feelings and themes with out relying solely on exposition. The “tunnel scene” exemplifies this precept.
Tip 5: Perceive the Energy of Subtext: Subtext permits for deeper exploration of character relationships and motivations. Examine how The Perks of Being a Wallflower makes use of silences, interruptions, and refined shifts in tone to convey unstated feelings and tensions. This provides layers of complexity to the narrative.
Tip 6: Respect the Supply Materials, however Embrace Inventive Freedom: Whereas remaining trustworthy to the spirit of the supply materials is necessary, permit for artistic freedom in translating the narrative to the display. The Perks of Being a Wallflower demonstrates how an adaptation can retain the core themes of a novel whereas embracing the distinctive potentialities of cinematic storytelling.
Tip 7: Deal with Character Arcs: Compelling characters bear transformative journeys. Examine how The Perks of Being a Wallflower depicts character progress by actions, dialogue, and relationships. Every character, even secondary ones, contributes to the general narrative and thematic exploration.
By finding out and making use of the following pointers, aspiring screenwriters can study worthwhile classes from The Perks of Being a Wallflower film script and improve their very own craft.
These insights present a basis for crafting compelling narratives that resonate with audiences and contribute to the artwork of cinematic storytelling. The ultimate part will supply concluding ideas on the enduring legacy of this impactful screenplay.
Conclusion
Exploration of the screenplay for The Perks of Being a Wallflower reveals its significance as an adaptation of a beloved novel. Evaluation of its narrative construction, dialogue, character growth, and thematic integrity demonstrates a profitable translation of advanced literary themes to the cinematic medium. The screenplay’s impression extends past a trustworthy recreation of the supply materials; it presents a nuanced exploration of adolescence, psychological well being, and the seek for belonging, resonating with audiences and contributing to necessary cultural conversations. Moreover, examination of the director’s imaginative and prescient underscores the significance of a cohesive inventive strategy in adapting literary works to movie.
The screenplay’s enduring legacy lies in its means to attach with audiences on an emotional stage, fostering understanding and empathy for these navigating the complexities of adolescence and psychological well being challenges. Continued examine of this adaptation presents worthwhile insights for aspiring screenwriters and underscores the ability of cinematic storytelling to handle necessary social points and contribute to a extra inclusive and compassionate cultural panorama. The screenplay stands as a testomony to the potential of movie to not solely entertain but additionally to light up the human expertise and encourage optimistic change.