8+ Steamy Thrillers Like Poison Ivy to Watch


8+ Steamy Thrillers Like Poison Ivy to Watch

Movies sharing thematic similarities with 1992’s Poison Ivy usually discover the dynamics of obsession, manipulation, and the disruption of household constructions. These narratives incessantly function a charismatic outsider who insinuates themselves right into a seemingly secure family, subsequently unleashing chaos and difficult established energy dynamics. A typical thread is the exploration of forbidden needs and the blurring of boundaries between admiration, envy, and eroticism, usually with a coming-of-age backdrop.

Such narratives present a lens by means of which audiences can look at advanced social and psychological points. The attract of the “outsider” character faucets into common anxieties about societal pressures, conformity, and the fragility of interpersonal relationships. Traditionally, these tales have served as cautionary tales, exploring the potential penalties of unchecked ambition and the harmful nature of obsessive conduct. Moreover, these movies can provide helpful insights into the dynamics of energy, significantly inside the confines of the household unit, and the way simply these dynamics may be manipulated.

This exploration delves into movies that echo the core themes current in Poison Ivy. Discussions will embody narrative constructions, character archetypes, and the societal anxieties they mirror. Additional evaluation will contemplate the enduring attraction of those narratives and their continued relevance in modern cinema.

1. Obsessive Conduct

Obsessive conduct varieties a cornerstone of narratives much like Poison Ivy, driving the plot and shaping character interactions. This fixation, usually directed in direction of a person, object, or perfect, fuels the narrative rigidity and motivates harmful actions. Understanding the nuances of this conduct is essential for analyzing the complexities of those movies.

  • Idealization and Fantasy

    Obsessive characters incessantly assemble idealized variations of their targets, ignoring flaws and projecting their very own needs. This fantasy turns into a driving drive, blurring the traces between actuality and delusion. In Poison Ivy, Ivy idealizes the seemingly good lifetime of the Coopers, fueling her want to insert herself into their household. This dynamic echoes in movies like Swimfan, the place the thing of obsession turns into a clean canvas for the stalker’s projections.

  • Boundary Violation and Encroachment

    As obsession intensifies, boundaries are steadily eroded. The obsessive character intrudes into the goal’s private area, each bodily and emotionally. This encroachment can manifest as stalking, manipulation, and makes an attempt to manage the goal’s life. Ivy’s infiltration of the Cooper family exemplifies this, mirroring comparable behaviors in movies like The Roommate, the place the road between pleasant curiosity and harmful obsession turns into more and more blurred.

  • Escalation and Damaging Actions

    Obsessive conduct usually escalates, resulting in more and more harmful actions. These actions can vary from delicate manipulations to acts of violence, pushed by a determined want to keep up management or possess the thing of obsession. The escalating rigidity in Poison Ivy mirrors this sample, as does the manipulative conduct in Deadly Attraction, showcasing the devastating penalties of unchecked obsession.

  • Jealousy and Possessiveness

    Intense jealousy and possessiveness incessantly accompany obsessive conduct. The obsessive character perceives any perceived rival as a risk, resulting in paranoia and makes an attempt to isolate the goal. Ivy’s jealousy of Sylvie Cooper exemplifies this, mirroring the possessive conduct seen in movies like Single White Feminine, the place the obsessive character seeks to get rid of any competitors.

These interconnected aspects of obsessive conduct contribute to the unsettling ambiance and dramatic rigidity prevalent in movies like Poison Ivy. By inspecting these parts, audiences achieve a deeper understanding of the psychological complexities driving these narratives and the potential penalties of unchecked want and obsession.

2. Manipulative Characters

Manipulative characters are central to the unsettling ambiance prevalent in movies harking back to Poison Ivy. Their calculated actions drive the narrative, creating rigidity and disrupting the lives of these round them. Understanding their strategies and motivations is vital to appreciating the advanced psychological dynamics at play in these tales.

  • Exploitation of Weak point

    Manipulative characters skillfully establish and exploit the vulnerabilities of others. They prey on insecurities, fears, and needs, utilizing this data to achieve management and affect. Ivy’s recognition of Sylvie Cooper’s emotional fragility exemplifies this, permitting her to govern the scenario to her benefit. This tactic can be evident in movies like Gaslight, the place the manipulator systematically undermines the sufferer’s sense of actuality.

  • Deception and Gaslighting

    Deception varieties a core part of manipulative conduct. These characters weave intricate webs of lies and distortions, usually main their victims to query their very own perceptions. Gaslighting, a very insidious type of manipulation, entails twisting actuality to make the sufferer doubt their sanity. Ivy’s delicate manipulations and distortions of fact mirror this conduct, much like the manipulative techniques employed in movies like The Proficient Mr. Ripley.

  • Allure and Seduction

    Many manipulative characters make use of appeal and seduction as instruments of manipulation. They current a fastidiously crafted persona designed to draw and disarm their targets. Ivy’s attract and seductive nature enable her to achieve entry to the Cooper household, mirroring the charismatic manipulation seen in movies like Fundamental Intuition. This superficial appeal masks their true intentions, making their manipulations all of the simpler.

  • Isolation and Management

    A typical tactic of manipulative characters is to isolate their victims from assist networks. By creating a way of dependence and undermining relationships with household and buddies, the manipulator positive aspects better management over the goal’s life. Ivy’s efforts to isolate Sylvie from her husband and daughter illustrate this, echoing the isolating conduct seen in movies like Distress, the place the sufferer turns into totally reliant on the manipulator.

These interconnected aspects of manipulative conduct contribute considerably to the suspense and psychological rigidity attribute of movies like Poison Ivy. By analyzing these techniques, audiences achieve a deeper understanding of the advanced energy dynamics at play and the devastating affect of manipulation on people and relationships. These narratives function cautionary tales, highlighting the significance of recognizing and resisting manipulative conduct.

3. Erotic Thrillers

The erotic thriller style incessantly intersects with narratives much like Poison Ivy, including a layer of complexity to the themes of obsession, manipulation, and transgression. These movies discover the darker facets of human want, usually blurring the traces between attraction and hazard. The presence of erotic parts heightens the stress and underscores the harmful potential of unchecked impulses.

  • Forbidden Wishes and Transgression

    Erotic thrillers usually delve into taboo topics and forbidden needs, exploring the attract of crossing societal boundaries. The exploration of illicit affairs, unconventional relationships, and the blurring of ethical traces contributes to the heightened sense of hazard and suspense. Poison Ivy‘s exploration of a teenage lady’s infatuation with an older girl exemplifies this transgression, echoing comparable themes in movies like Physique Warmth and Harm.

  • Energy Dynamics and Manipulation

    The interaction of energy dynamics is a recurring motif in erotic thrillers. Seduction and manipulation grow to be instruments for characters searching for management, usually resulting in harmful penalties. The erotic cost intensifies the facility struggles, making a unstable and unpredictable ambiance. Ivy’s manipulative techniques in Poison Ivy are infused with a delicate eroticism, mirroring the facility dynamics at play in movies like Fundamental Intuition and Deadly Attraction.

  • Suspense and Psychological Stress

    The mixture of eroticism and suspense creates a heightened sense of unease and anticipation. The viewer is saved on edge, not sure of the characters’ true intentions or the potential penalties of their actions. This psychological rigidity is amplified by the underlying erotic subtext, blurring the traces between pleasure and hazard. Movies like Poison Ivy and Chloe successfully make the most of this rigidity, creating an environment of suspense and intrigue.

  • Ambiguity and Ethical Grey Areas

    Erotic thrillers usually current morally ambiguous characters and conditions, difficult standard notions of proper and mistaken. The exploration of advanced motivations and blurred traces of accountability leaves the viewer questioning the true nature of the characters and their actions. The ambiguous ending of Poison Ivy exemplifies this, mirroring the ethical ambiguity present in movies like The Final Seduction and Wild Issues.

The incorporation of those parts inside erotic thrillers amplifies the themes current in movies like Poison Ivy. The heightened emotional stakes and the exploration of darker impulses contribute to a extra nuanced and unsettling cinematic expertise, prompting reflection on the complexities of want, manipulation, and the human situation.

4. Household Dysfunction

Household dysfunction serves as a fertile floor for narratives much like Poison Ivy, offering a backdrop in opposition to which themes of obsession, manipulation, and betrayal can flourish. These movies usually painting households grappling with underlying tensions, unresolved conflicts, and a scarcity of wholesome communication, creating vulnerabilities that outsiders can exploit. The seemingly idyllic faade of the household unit is shattered because the intrusive character exacerbates present cracks, exposing the fragility of familial bonds. The presence of a dysfunctional household dynamic heightens the dramatic stakes and offers a catalyst for the narrative’s unfolding chaos. As an illustration, in Poison Ivy, the strained relationship between Sylvie and her husband Darryl creates a gap for Ivy to insert herself into their lives, exploiting their particular person weaknesses and additional fracturing their already fragile connection. Equally, movies like The Stepfather and The Hand That Rocks the Cradle showcase how pre-existing household tensions may be manipulated by an outsider, resulting in devastating penalties.

The exploration of household dysfunction in these movies provides a glimpse into the advanced dynamics that may exist inside seemingly atypical households. Points resembling marital discord, parental neglect, and sibling rivalry create an surroundings ripe for manipulation and battle. The outsider character usually acts as a catalyst, exposing and amplifying these underlying tensions, in the end resulting in a dramatic unraveling of the household unit. Actual-life examples of household dysfunction, whereas various in depth and manifestation, usually contain comparable dynamics of energy imbalances, emotional manipulation, and breakdowns in communication. These movies, although fictionalized, can provide a framework for understanding the complexities of those real-world conditions and the potential for exterior influences to exacerbate present issues. The manipulative character usually preys on the vulnerabilities created by these dysfunctions, highlighting the significance of wholesome communication and robust familial bonds in navigating difficult interpersonal relationships.

Understanding the function of household dysfunction in narratives like Poison Ivy offers helpful perception into the psychological complexities driving these tales. By inspecting the interaction between particular person vulnerabilities and exterior influences, audiences can achieve a deeper appreciation for the fragility of interpersonal relationships and the devastating penalties of unchecked manipulation. Moreover, these narratives underscore the significance of addressing underlying household points and fostering wholesome communication to strengthen the resilience of the household unit in opposition to exterior threats. Recognizing these patterns can provide sensible functions in analyzing real-life relationships and understanding the potential for manipulation inside numerous social contexts.

5. Coming-of-Age Tales

Coming-of-age narratives incessantly intersect with movies mirroring Poison Ivy, including a layer of vulnerability and heightened stakes. Adolescence, a interval marked by self-discovery and the negotiation of shifting energy dynamics, offers fertile floor for manipulative characters to take advantage of. The protagonist’s nascent understanding of social complexities and sexual awakening makes them significantly vulnerable to the attract and hazard introduced by the manipulative determine. This vulnerability is commonly amplified by pre-existing household tensions or emotions of isolation, creating an surroundings the place the manipulative character can simply achieve affect and management. The approaching-of-age framework provides a poignant dimension to the narrative, because the protagonist’s journey of self-discovery turns into intertwined with a harmful and sometimes traumatic expertise. This dynamic is clear in Poison Ivy, the place Sylvie’s daughter, Lily, grapples together with her burgeoning sexuality and emotions of inadequacy whereas concurrently navigating Ivy’s manipulative presence. Equally, movies like Merciless Intentions and The Crush discover the harmful potential of manipulation inside the context of adolescent exploration and vulnerability.

Actual-life examples of adolescent vulnerability to manipulation, although usually much less dramatic than depicted in movie, underscore the significance of this connection. Youngsters, navigating the complexities of peer stress, social hierarchies, and id formation, may be vulnerable to manipulative people who exploit their insecurities and needs. The will for belonging, validation, and intimacy could make them susceptible to unhealthy relationships and coercive management. Understanding these vulnerabilities is essential for fogeys, educators, and mentors to offer applicable steerage and assist, fostering wholesome relationships and empowering younger folks to acknowledge and resist manipulative techniques. Movies like Poison Ivy can function cautionary tales, highlighting the potential penalties of unchecked manipulation and the significance of fostering wholesome vanity and limits throughout adolescence.

The intersection of coming-of-age narratives and manipulative characters in movies like Poison Ivy provides helpful insights into the complexities of adolescence and the potential risks lurking beneath the floor of seemingly atypical relationships. Recognizing the heightened vulnerability of younger folks throughout this formative interval is essential for selling wholesome improvement and fostering resilience in opposition to manipulative influences. These narratives can spark vital conversations about recognizing manipulative conduct, setting boundaries, and searching for assist when confronted with unhealthy relationships. Moreover, they underscore the significance of open communication inside households and communities to create a supportive surroundings that empowers younger folks to navigate the challenges of adolescence safely and confidently.

6. Psychological Suspense

Psychological suspense varieties a vital part of movies sharing thematic similarities with Poison Ivy. This suspense derives not from overt bodily threats, however relatively from the insidious manipulation, hidden motives, and escalating psychological rigidity between characters. The viewers is drawn into an online of uncertainty and unease, consistently questioning the characters’ true intentions and anticipating the potential penalties of their actions. This type of suspense depends closely on the gradual erosion of belief and the unsettling feeling of impending doom, usually and not using a clear understanding of the particular nature of the risk. The manipulative character’s actions create a local weather of worry and paranoia, leaving each the characters inside the movie and the viewers in a state of heightened anxiousness. The effectiveness of this system lies in its skill to faucet into primal fears about betrayal, lack of management, and the fragility of interpersonal relationships. Poison Ivy masterfully employs psychological suspense, protecting the viewers guessing about Ivy’s final targets and the extent of her manipulative techniques. This system is equally employed in movies like Gaslight and The Machinist, the place the protagonists’ grasp on actuality is slowly undermined, making a deeply unsettling and suspenseful expertise for the viewer.

The affect of psychological suspense extends past mere leisure. Its effectiveness stems from its skill to reflect real-life anxieties surrounding betrayal, manipulation, and the unseen forces that may form our lives. Situations of gaslighting, emotional manipulation, and covert aggression in real-world relationships resonate with the themes explored in these movies. Understanding the dynamics of psychological manipulation, as portrayed on display screen, can present helpful insights into recognizing and navigating comparable conditions in actual life. Moreover, the exploration of psychological suspense in movie can foster empathy and understanding for victims of manipulation, highlighting the insidious nature of emotional abuse and the significance of psychological well-being. The exploration of paranoia and the erosion of belief in movies like The Others and Rosemary’s Child offers a framework for understanding the psychological affect of isolation and uncertainty, mirroring real-life experiences of people combating anxiousness and suspicion.

In conclusion, psychological suspense serves as a strong device in movies like Poison Ivy, creating an environment of unease and anticipation that lingers lengthy after the credit roll. Its effectiveness lies in its skill to faucet into common anxieties and discover the darker facets of human relationships. Understanding the mechanics of psychological suspense not solely enhances the viewing expertise but in addition provides helpful insights into real-world dynamics of manipulation and the significance of psychological resilience. By exploring these themes, movies like Poison Ivy contribute to a broader cultural dialog in regards to the complexities of human conduct and the delicate but potent forces that form our interactions with others.

7. Social Commentary

Movies echoing Poison Ivy usually operate as social commentaries, exploring anxieties and tensions inside particular cultural contexts. These narratives incessantly dissect societal points associated to class, gender, and household dynamics, providing critiques of prevailing norms and values. Poison Ivy, for instance, examines the attract and risks of transgression inside the backdrop of prosperous suburban life, exposing the fragility beneath a veneer of perfection. The movie’s exploration of feminine want and company challenges conventional representations of girls, providing a nuanced perspective on feminine sexuality and its potential for disruption. Equally, movies like The Hand That Rocks the Cradle faucet into societal anxieties surrounding motherhood, domesticity, and the perceived risk of the “different” infiltrating the sanctity of the house. These narratives usually mirror broader societal shifts and anxieties associated to altering gender roles, financial inequalities, and the breakdown of conventional social constructions. The prevalence of such themes in in style tradition displays a broader societal fascination with these points and a want to grapple with their complexities by means of the lens of fiction.

The effectiveness of social commentary in these movies lies of their skill to have interaction with advanced points by means of compelling narratives and relatable characters. Whereas fictionalized, these tales usually resonate with real-life experiences, sparking dialogue and prompting reflection on societal values and norms. As an illustration, the exploration of sophistication battle in movies like Parasite mirrors real-world anxieties surrounding financial disparity and social mobility. Equally, the depiction of poisonous masculinity in movies like Struggle Membership displays broader societal conversations about gender roles and expectations. By presenting these points inside the context of partaking narratives, these movies can attain a wider viewers and contribute to a extra nuanced understanding of advanced social dynamics. Using metaphor and allegory permits filmmakers to deal with delicate matters not directly, prompting essential reflection with out resorting to didacticism. This strategy may be significantly efficient in sparking dialogue and difficult preconceived notions about delicate social points.

In conclusion, the social commentary embedded inside movies like Poison Ivy offers a helpful lens by means of which to look at cultural anxieties and societal shifts. These narratives provide a platform for exploring advanced points associated to household dynamics, gender roles, and sophistication battle, prompting essential reflection and fostering a deeper understanding of the human situation. By partaking with these themes by means of the medium of movie, audiences can grapple with difficult matters in a secure and fascinating area, fostering empathy and selling dialogue round vital social points. The continued relevance of those narratives underscores the enduring energy of movie as a device for social commentary and its skill to spark significant conversations in regards to the world round us.

8. Threatened Stability

The theme of threatened stability is central to movies resonating with Poison Ivy. These narratives incessantly depict a seemingly secure surroundings usually a household unit or a close-knit group which is steadily destabilized by the introduction of an exterior disruptive drive. This destabilization can manifest in numerous varieties, from the erosion of belief and the breakdown of communication to the eruption of long-suppressed conflicts and the shattering of fastidiously constructed facades. The intrusion of the “outsider” character, like Ivy in Poison Ivy, acts as a catalyst, exposing vulnerabilities and pre-existing fault traces inside the seemingly safe surroundings. This disruption serves not solely to generate narrative rigidity but in addition to discover the inherent fragility of social constructions and the benefit with which they are often undermined. The risk to stability usually mirrors real-life anxieties surrounding the disruption of established norms and the precariousness of seemingly safe environments. Contemplate, for instance, the societal anxieties surrounding financial downturns or the disruption attributable to pure disasters; these occasions expose the vulnerability of people and communities and problem the phantasm of stability. The movies discover these anxieties on a microcosmic degree, specializing in the interpersonal dynamics inside households and relationships.

The exploration of threatened stability in these movies offers a framework for understanding how exterior forces can exacerbate inside conflicts and expose underlying weaknesses. The manipulative character usually exploits pre-existing tensions, accelerating the breakdown of belief and communication inside the focused surroundings. This dynamic may be noticed in movies like Nightcrawler, the place the protagonist’s ambition and manipulative conduct disrupt the established order inside a neighborhood information station, or in The Social Community, the place the speedy rise of Fb disrupts established social hierarchies and interpersonal relationships. These narratives provide helpful insights into the dynamics of energy, affect, and the potential penalties of unchecked ambition. By inspecting the processes by which stability is undermined, these movies provide a cautionary story in regards to the significance of vigilance, resilience, and the necessity to handle underlying vulnerabilities inside any system, be it a household, a group, or a bigger societal construction.

In conclusion, the theme of threatened stability serves as a vital part of movies like Poison Ivy, providing a compelling exploration of the fragility of human relationships and the disruptive forces that may undermine seemingly safe environments. These narratives present a framework for understanding the complexities of social dynamics and the potential penalties of unchecked ambition and manipulation. The continued relevance of those themes underscores their resonance with real-life anxieties and the enduring energy of movie to discover basic questions on human nature and the precariousness of the world round us.

Continuously Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries relating to movies sharing thematic similarities with Poison Ivy.

Query 1: What defines a movie as being “like Poison Ivy”?

Movies corresponding to Poison Ivy usually discover themes of obsession, manipulation, and the disruption of established relationships, usually inside a household or close-knit group. They incessantly function a charismatic outsider who insinuates themselves right into a secure surroundings, subsequently unleashing chaos and difficult present energy dynamics.

Query 2: Are these movies solely centered on erotic themes?

Whereas eroticism could be a part, it’s not the only real focus. The core themes revolve round psychological manipulation, the exploration of want, and the implications of transgression. Erotic parts, when current, serve to intensify rigidity and underscore the harmful potential of unchecked impulses.

Query 3: Are these movies appropriate for all audiences?

No. Attributable to mature themes, together with probably disturbing content material associated to obsession, manipulation, and sexuality, these movies are typically not applicable for youthful viewers. Parental steerage is strongly suggested.

Query 4: What makes these narratives compelling?

These narratives provide a glimpse into the darker facets of human nature and the complexities of interpersonal relationships. They faucet into common anxieties about betrayal, lack of management, and the fragility of seemingly safe environments. The suspenseful nature of those movies and the exploration of morally ambiguous characters contribute to their enduring attraction.

Query 5: Do these movies provide any social commentary?

Many movies on this class provide insightful social commentary, exploring points associated to household dynamics, gender roles, class battle, and the pressures of conformity inside particular cultural contexts. They’ll spark vital conversations about societal values and the challenges of navigating advanced interpersonal relationships.

Query 6: The place can one discover extra details about all these movies?

Quite a few on-line sources, together with movie databases, evaluation websites, and tutorial journals, provide in-depth analyses and suggestions for movies exploring comparable themes. Exploring style classifications resembling psychological thrillers, erotic thrillers, and dramas may also yield related outcomes.

Understanding these frequent inquiries offers a extra nuanced perspective on the complexities and attraction of movies sharing thematic similarities with Poison Ivy.

Additional exploration of particular movie suggestions and deeper evaluation of particular person themes will observe.

Navigating Narratives Like Poison Ivy: Sensible Ideas for Viewers

This part provides sensible steerage for viewers approaching movies sharing thematic similarities with Poison Ivy. The following tips goal to reinforce essential engagement and supply a framework for understanding the advanced themes introduced.

Tip 1: Observe Character Dynamics Intently: Pay shut consideration to the delicate nuances of character interactions. Observe how energy dynamics shift, how manipulation unfolds, and the way seemingly insignificant actions can have far-reaching penalties. The interaction between characters usually reveals underlying tensions and hidden motivations.

Tip 2: Contemplate the Social Context: Analyze the movie’s social and historic context. How do the characters’ actions mirror societal norms and values? Does the movie provide commentary on particular social points, resembling class battle, gender roles, or household dynamics? Understanding the context can enrich the viewing expertise and supply deeper insights into the narrative’s subtext.

Tip 3: Analyze the Use of Symbolism: Filmmakers usually make use of symbolism to convey deeper that means and improve thematic resonance. Take note of recurring motifs, visible metaphors, and symbolic objects. These parts can provide clues to understanding character motivations and the movie’s underlying message.

Tip 4: Replicate on Private Responses: Contemplate the movie’s emotional affect and the way it resonates with private experiences. Do the characters’ actions evoke empathy or revulsion? Does the narrative set off anxieties about betrayal, manipulation, or the fragility of relationships? Reflecting on private responses can deepen understanding of the movie’s themes and their relevance to real-life experiences.

Tip 5: Interact in Crucial Dialogue: Discussing the movie with others can enrich the viewing expertise and provide new views. Sharing interpretations, analyzing character motivations, and debating the movie’s message can result in a deeper understanding of the advanced themes introduced.

Tip 6: Analysis Associated Movies and Themes: Exploring associated movies and thematic analyses can broaden understanding and appreciation of the style. Researching comparable narratives, exploring essential critiques, and delving into tutorial discussions can present helpful context and enrich future viewing experiences.

By using the following pointers, viewers can domesticate a extra nuanced appreciation for the complexities of movies like Poison Ivy and achieve helpful insights into the human situation.

The following conclusion will synthesize key takeaways and provide ultimate reflections on the enduring attraction of those narratives.

Conclusion

This exploration has delved into the thematic panorama of movies harking back to Poison Ivy, inspecting key parts resembling obsession, manipulation, household dysfunction, and the risk to stability. These narratives provide a fancy and sometimes unsettling portrayal of human relationships, exploring the darker facets of want, betrayal, and the fragility of seemingly safe environments. The enduring attraction of those movies lies of their skill to faucet into common anxieties and to supply a glimpse into the potential penalties of unchecked impulses and manipulative conduct. The exploration of social commentary inside these narratives offers additional perception into cultural anxieties and the methods through which movie can mirror and critique societal norms and values.

The continued fascination with narratives exploring poisonous relationships underscores their relevance in modern society. These movies function a cautionary reminder of the significance of wholesome boundaries, open communication, and the necessity to acknowledge and resist manipulative techniques. Additional exploration of this thematic panorama guarantees to yield helpful insights into the complexities of human interplay and the continued wrestle for energy, intimacy, and management inside interpersonal relationships. The enduring energy of those narratives lies of their skill to impress reflection, spark dialogue, and in the end, improve understanding of the human situation.